If you have a sibling, I'm sure you've said you've hated them at least once in your life. You never really meant it, because - despite your differences - you grew up with them. You don't know a life without them, and your shared experiences bring you closer together. That unconditional love will never fade, no matter what happens.
Unfortunately, the Dominican Republic and Haiti never forged the bond they were seemingly destined to share. Although physically tied together, they are as distant as the sun and the moon. Dominicans hate Haitians; we hate their religion, hate that they're "taking the jobs" (even though they're doing the dirty work no one else seems to want to do...kinda reminds me of the mindset a lot of Americans have towards immigrants...) and we hate what they can't control - the color of their skin. When I say "we," I am not included. Many Dominicans lack all empathy when it comes to our sisters and brothers; so, I decided to do what most of my people don't do - learn about our neighbors and share it all with you - in a short, easily digestible way. ☘︎ ݁˖
1. Colonization: The arrival of the Spanish and the French
After Portugal had begun establishing trading posts throughout Asia and Africa, Spain decided it was time to embark on its own global expedition. Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile commissioned Italian mariner Christopher Columbus to reach the East Indies. We all know how the story goes; he, in fact, did
not land in the East Indies - he landed on the beautiful island of Quisqueya (now known as Hispaniola). This ignited the Age of Exploration.
In the late 17th century, Spain ceded the western third of the island to the French after the Treaty of Rijswijk was formally signed. The French renamed the area to Saint-Domingue, and the colony quickly became a major source of income, where they exported crops such as sugar, coffee, and indigo. Of course, this labor was not done by the Europeans themselves - they exported hundreds of thousands of Africans to do the labor for them! Not only did the French exploit the vulnerable slaves, but the amount of labor they were forced to do eventually led to immense exploitation and damage to the soil - damage which has unfortunately persisted today due to poor agricultural practices. Eventually, slaves outnumbered the Europeans and free people of color 10 to 1 (affranchis). This furthered already burning tension between different class groups and races, which eventually led to...
2. The Haitian Revolution
To understand the Haitian Revolution, we first have to rewind the timeline a bit to the French Revolution. Not only did the French Revolution have major impacts on France and its government, but thanks to cultural diffusion, revolutionary and Enlightenment ideas quickly spread throughout the globe. It didn't take long for such ideas to influence an already fragmented Haitian society. Before the revolution officially started, there were various slave revolts throughout the colony. Many affranchis also revolted against a racist society, where Europeans in the colony refused to acknowledge their citizenship despite the National Convention granting free people of color French citizenship (to those who actually met certain economic and property criteria). The official revolution began with the Bois Caiman Ceremony - a secret Voodoo ceremony led by priest Dutty Boukman, where enslaved women and men pledged to overthrow their slaveowners on August 14th, 1971. While there were various leaders throughout the revolution, I'm sure only one rings a bell: Toussaint Louverture.
Louverture was born into slavery in the colony of Saint-Domingue and was emancipated in 1776. When the slave revolts first happened, Louverture was not committed at ALL. However, he joined the rebellion in hopes of defending his life and the word of God - which was against slavery (he was a devout Catholic). He gained an army of his own and taught guerrilla warfare. Louverture gained control of various areas, such as Santo Domingo, and later proclaimed himself "governor-general for life". He unfortunately died on April 7th, 1803, after Napoleon imprisoned him and exiled him to France. After winning the Battle of Vertieres - where Jean-Jacques Dessalines and his army defeated French forces - Haiti officially became independent on January 1st, 1804. However, it wasn't until 1825 that France recognized the Black republic as independent, requiring the small nation to pay a large sum of 100 million francs in return. Haiti officially finished repaying the enormous debt in 1947.
3. Fun Facts
- "Haiti" means mountainous country.
- The word "zombie" is a Haitian word and was used by slaves, who believed that dying would take them back to Africa.
- The red and blue on the Haitian flag represent the unity between Blacks and Mulattoes.
- Haiti is home to the highest peak in the Caribbean (Pic la Selle).
- Haitian Creole is the most spoken Creole language in the world.
- Venezuela's flag was created in Haiti.
- Haiti was nicknamed "La Perle des Antilles" (The Pearl of the Antilles) because it was France's richest colony.
I really wanted to go into the complex relationship between the Dominican Republic and Haiti in this post, but this piece has already taken me more than a week to complete, so I'll save that for another day.
Nevertheless, I hope many of you learned a little something about a nation the world turns a blind eye to. I've learned a lot about the Haitian Revolution while I was writing this, and I hope you did too. Obviously, this small post on a blog does not do enough justice on how complex and vast Haiti's history is, so down below I will link my sources - please read these articles!
To whoever stayed and read through this whole thing, thank you.
love you, always.
take care and stay educated. 。 ₊°༺❤︎༻°₊ 。